2024年全国硕士研究生入学考试政治真题及答案解析

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题及参考答案

一、单项选择题：1—16小题，每小题1分，共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是最符合题目要求的。

1. 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是推进理论创新的光辉典范。新时代谱写马克思主义中国化时代化新篇章，要坚守理论创新的基础和前提，坚守好理论创新的“魂”和“根”。中国化时代化的马克思主义的“魂脉”和“根脉”是

A. 马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化

B. 共产主义社会理想和“天下大同”理想

C. 全人类共同价值和社会主义核心价值观

D. 共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想

【答案】A

2. 一个地方的气候主要取决于纬度、海陆位置、地形，以及大气环流和洋流等因素。纬度、海陆位置、地形等因素在一定时期内基本保持不变，大气环流与洋流二者相互作用就形成相对稳定的气候状态，但当其中一个因素突然“掉链子”,就会发生厄尔尼诺之类的异常现象。厄尔尼诺现象不仅推高全球变暖幅度，更可能导致频次更多、范围更广、强度更大的极端天气，进而影响全球气候。厄尔尼诺现象对全球气候的影响表明，偶然因素是

A. 决定事物发展趋势的根本性因素

B. 事物发展中可有可无的影响因素

C. 事物发展中不可忽视的影响因素

D. 事物发展过程中确定不移的因素

【答案】C

3. 除了几十颗卫星编织的“天上一张网”,还有地基增强系统构成的“地上一张网”,北斗卫星导航系统开启了高精度定位技术进步的“加速度”。有了“天上一张网”,为什么还要再建“地上一张网”?传统的卫星导航系统能提供的精度仅为5～10米，而北斗卫星导航系统可以实现提供实时米级、分米级、厘米级的更高精度的定位服务。从农林牧渔到吃穿住行，随着北斗卫星导航芯片或模块越来越多嵌入生产生活，每一个人都愈发清晰地感知到北斗的力量。北斗卫星导航系统在发展中应用、在应用中发展表明，技术进步的根本动力是

A. 科学研究的规范

B. 实践主体的意志

C. 认识主体的兴趣

D. 社会实践的需要

【答案】D

4. 列宁在谈到未来社会时写道，“生产力将以什么样的速度向前发展，将以什么样的速度发展到打破分工、消灭脑力劳动和体力劳动的对立、把劳动变为‘生活的第一需要’,这都是我们所不知道而且也不可能知道的”,“我们只能谈国家消亡的必然性，同时着重指出这个过程是长期的，指出它的长短将取决于共产主义高级阶段的发展速度，而把消灭的日期或消亡的具体形式作为悬案，因为现在还没有可供解决这些问题的材料”。这表明，列宁在展望未来社会时

A. 揭示了社会历史发展的各项措施、方式、方法

B. 认为不存在适用于各种社会形态发展的普遍规律

C. 没有提出未来社会发展的方向、原则和基本特征

D. 不对历史发展的各种细节作具体描绘

【答案】D

5. 随着我国生产资料私有制社会主义改造的基本完成，国内的社会矛盾和阶级关系发生重大变化。在此背景下，毛泽东在1957年2月作《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》的报告，明确提出把正确处理人民内部矛盾作为我国政治生活的主题，其根本着眼点是

A. 调动一切积极因素为社会主义建设服务

B. 扩大社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制

C. 维护社会稳定，实现长治久安

D. 消除社会矛盾，实现民族大团结

【答案】A

6. 习近平总书记指出：“实践发展永无止境，解放思想永无止境，改革开放也永无止境，改革开放只有进行时、没有完成时。”新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，根本动力仍然是全面深化改革开放。改革开放的鲜明特征和首要任务是

A. 解放和发展社会生产力

B. 形成更加成熟更加定型的制度

C. 处理好政府和市场的关系

D. 促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉

【答案】A

7. 社会治理是国家治理的重要领域，关系国家长治久安、社会安定有序、人民安居乐业。二十世纪60年代浙江枫桥干部群众创造了依靠群众就地化解矛盾的“枫桥经验”。今年是毛泽东同志批示学习推广“枫桥经验”60周年，也是习近平总书记指示坚持和发展“枫桥经验”20周年。11月6日，习近平总书记在会见全国“枫桥 式工作法”入选单位代表时，再次强调要坚持和发展好新时代“枫桥经验”。新时代“枫桥经验”最突出的特点是

A. 加强社会治理的顶层设计

B. 最大限度把矛盾风险防范化解在基层

C. 把人文关怀和心理疏导有机结合起来

D. 有效发挥政府的主导作用

【答案】B

8. 我国是一个有十四亿多人口的大国，无论社会现代化程度有多高，解决好吃饭问题，

始终是治国理政的头等大事。保障我国粮食安全的关键在于

A. 健全种粮农民收益保障机制

B. 推进农业供给侧结构性改革

C. 落实藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略

D. 完善主产区利益补偿制度

【答案】C

9.中国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。中国上下五千年的历史，就是

一个统一的多民族国家形成和不断发展的历史。对中华民族形成起决定作用的是

A. 对种族和血缘的认同

B. 对中华民族共同体的认同

C. 对宗教信仰的认同

D. 对共同生活地域的认同

【答案】B

10. 鸦片战争前的中国社会是封建社会。鸦片战争以后，独立的中国逐步变成半殖民地

的中国，封建的中国逐步变成半封建的中国。所谓“半封建”是指

A. 封建经济占据国家经济的一半

B. 中国出现资本主义生产关系。

C. 中国丧失完全独立的地位

D. 封建剥削制度的根基彻底动摇

【答案】B

11. 孙中山先生是伟大的民族英雄、伟大的爱国主义者、中国民主革命的伟大先驱。1894

年11月，在植香山召开的兴中会成立大会通过了由孙中山起草的《兴中会章程》。在章程中，

孙中山提出了

A. “振兴中华”的口号

B. “建立民国”的口号

C. “反帝反封”的口号

D. “民主自由”的口号

【答案】A

12. 1937年7月7日，日本帝国主义发动了卢沟桥事变，企图以武力吞并全中国。卢沟

桥事变的发生

A. 揭开了抗日战争的序幕

B. 成为中国人民抗日战争的起点.

C. 标志着中国进入全民族抗战阶段

D. 标志着世界反法西斯同盟的正式建立

【答案】C

13. 1848年，解放战争形势已经有了极大的发展，许多解放区已经连成一片，许多城市已经解放或者即将解放，人民解放军和人民解放战争的正规性程度大为提高，全国胜利已经在望。这种情况要求党迅速克服存在于党内和军队内的任何无纪律无政府状态，把一切必须和可能集中的权力集中于中央。为此，中共中央决定建立

A. 精兵简政制度 B. 请示报告制度C. 民主协商制度D. 党外通报制度

【答案】B

14.习近平总书记在党的二十大报告深刻指出：“全面依法治国是国家治理的一场深刻革命，关系党执政兴国，关系人民幸福安康，关系党和国家长治久安。必须更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化国家。全面依法治国，关键在于

A. 加快形成严密的法治监督体系

B. 坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合

C. 坚持党领导立法、保证执法，支持司法、带头守法

D. 深入开展法治宣传教育

【答案】C

15. 党和国家历来重视基础研究工作。中共中央政治局2023年2月21日就加强基础研究进行第三次集体学习。中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时强调，加强基础研究是实现高水平科技自立自强的迫切要求，是建设世界科技强国的必由之路。加强基础研究，归根到底要靠

A. 体制机制 B. 国际合作平台 C. 学科建设布局 D. 高水平人才

【答案】D

16. 2023年9月18日至26日，第78届联合国大会高级别周在联合国总部进行。相比以往，本届联大将更多目光投向了“全球南方”,议程主要着眼于“全球南方”国家提出的需求，讨论气候变化、主权债务减免、如何帮助陷入困境的国家实现联合国在繁荣、健康、发展、教育、性别平等方面的发展目标。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，在本届联大期间出席多场会议，表达“全球南方”天然成员的诉求与主张。“全球南方”国家的声音更响亮，是本届联大的亮点。这表明

A. 全球南北对话的僵局已经破解

B. “全球南方”国家在国际组织中的话语权和影响力占据了主导地位

C. 南方国家改变国际秩序游戏规则的议题成为了国际社会的普遍共识

D. 国际力量对比正在发生深刻变化，百年变局正在深入发展演进

【答案】D

二、多项选择题：17—33小题，每小题2分，共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。多选、少选或错选均不得分。

17. 随着新一代人工智能技术的发展，基于大模型的生成式人工智能(AIGC) 在 快 速回答提问、创作代码、翻唱经典歌曲等方面取得了新的突破。但是，随着技术迭代， 人工智能高效地应用于各行各业时，其带来的风险也不容忽视，比如人工智能生成 近似原画的内容、构图，可能侵犯原创作者的知识产权;人工智能技术被恶意使用， 可能用来从事制造虚假信息、诈骗等违法活动。守住法律和伦理底线，推动人工智能朝着科技向善的方向发展，关键还在于人们更智慧地使用人工智能工具。“更智慧地使用人工智能工具”意味着

A. 技术进步要以维护人民的根本利益为最高标准

B. 人类活动能够实现合目的性与合规律性的统一

C. 科技发展是由主观意志决定的客观物质活动

D. 成功的实践是真理尺度与价值尺度的统一

【答案】ABD

18. 茶叶，采自天然;茶器，匠心独具;茶艺，彬彬有礼。饮茶品茶，陶冶性情;以茶会友，品味人生。从山间一片叶，到万家杯中茶，茶叶的生长与旅行，讲述着关于文明与生活的故事，沉淀着中华文明独特的价值理念。有人说“离开了茶文化，茶叶就仅仅只是一片叶子”。从“一片叶子”到“茶文化”表明

A. 观念的东西不外是移入人脑并经过人脑改造过的物质的东西而已

B. 世界上一切事物所具有的特定意义只是经验外化于对象的意义

C. 客体潜在的价值转化为现实的价值，依赖于实践基础上的主体创造

D. 客体的价值及价值大小，取决于客体的属性及满足主体需要的程度

【答案】ACD

19. 习近平指出：“人类文明多样性是世界的基本特征，也是人类进步的源泉。世界上 有200多个国家和地区、2500多个民族、多种宗教。不同历史和国情，不同民族和习俗，孕育了不同文明，使世界更加丰富多彩。”唯物史观关于社会形态的理论中，内在地包含着文明多样性的思想。下列关于人类文明多样性表述正确的有

A. 独特的生产方式和生活方式决定着文明发展的不同样态

B. 各种文明都具有独自的比其他文明更优越、更强大的文化基因

C. 每一种文明都代表着一方文化的独特性，是人类文明的重要组成部分

D. 每一种文明都是在与其他文明相隔离的状态下独自产生、发展和演变的

【答案】AC

20. 商品经济是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物。在资本主义社会之前的发展阶段，商品经济只是一种简单商品经济，这一阶段商品经济发展的基础是

A.生产资料公有制 B.个体劳动 C.生产资料私有制 D. 雇佣劳动

【答案】BC

21. 习近平指出：“经济全球化是社会生产力发展的客观要求和科技进步的必然结果， 不是哪些人、哪些国家人为制造出来的。经济全球化为世界经济增长提供了强劲动力，促进了商品和资本流动、科技和文明进步、各国人民交往。”导致经济全球化迅猛发展的因素有

A.信息技术革命打破了生产要素的地域限制，使整个世界生产连成一片

B.国际分工和生产要素全球流动的比较优势，促进了产业链深度融合

C. 发达国家主导制定的贸易和竞争规则，使广大发展中国家成为主要受益者

D. 国际经济组织成员国对本国或本地区市场控制的放松，加快了贸易投资自由化

【答案】ABD

22. 毛泽东在谈到党对民主革命规律的认识时指出，从党的建立到抗日时期，我们经过了两次胜利两次失败。“在抗日时期，我们才制定了合乎情况的党的总路线和一整套具体政策。这时候，中国民主革命这个必然王国才被我们认识，我们才有了自由”。这表明

A. 党已完全掌握了新民主主义革命的发展规律

B. 马克思主义必须与中国革命具体实际相结合

C. 党对民主革命规律的认识必须有一个过程

D. 新民主主义革命理论是总结正反两方面经验形成的

【答案】BCD

23.今年以来，我国经济持续回升向好，高质量发展扎实推进，我国仍是全球增长最大引擎。据权威部门统计，前三季度我国国内生产总值同比增长5.2%;全国居民人均可支配收入同比实际增长5.9%;高技术产业投资增长11.4%。前10个月社会物流总额同比增长4.9%，物流需求恢复向好，行业提质升级加速。总体上看，我国经济长期向好的基本面没有变也不会变，因为我国具有

A. 超大规模市场的需求优势

B.产业体系配套完整的供给优势

C.社会主义市场经济的体制优势

D. 大量高素质劳动者和企业家的人才优势

【答案】ABCD

24. 2023年5月29日，习近平总书记在二十届中央政治局第五次集体学习时指出，当今时代，人才是第一资源，科技是第一生产力，创新是第一动力，要把建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国有机结合起来， 一体统筹推进，形成推动高质量发展的倍增效应。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家进程中，坚持教育、科技、人才一体推进是因为

A. 教育、科技、人才三者之间具有一致性和相互支撑性

B. 教育、科技、人才在综合国力竞争中的关键性地位更加凸显

C. 教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性和战略性支撑

D. 把教育、科技、人才摆在经济社会发展重要位置是社会主义现代化建设的历史经验

【答案】ABCD

25. 党的二十大以来，习近平总书记到不同省区市深入考察时，多次强调各地要立足自身实际牢牢把握在国家发展大局中的战略定位。比如，要求浙江“要在以科技创新塑造发展新优势上走在前列”，强调内蒙古发展的重中之重是“做大做强国家重要能源基地”，指出黑龙江“要当好国家粮食安全‘压舱石’”，等等。习近平总书记的重要指示，为中国式现代化的地方实践提供了根本遵循。准确把握各地区在国家发展大局中的战略定位有利于

A. 发挥各地比较优势，塑造我国发展新优势

B. 优化区域经济布局，拓展我国发展动力源

C.统筹发展和安全，掌握我国发展主动权

D.同步实现共同富裕，推动我国发展迈上新台阶

【答案】ABC

26. 加快发展数字经济是我国建设现代化产业体系的重要内容。根据《中国互联网发展报告2023》，截至2022年底，中国数据产量和算力总规模均居世界第二。十年间，中国数字经济规模从11万亿元增长到50.2万亿元，占国内生产总值比重达到41.5%。数字经济的快速发展充分表明

A. 数据已成为新的生产要素

B. 数字经济正在成为新一轮国际竞争的重点领域

C.数字经济已取代实体经济

D.数字经济是稳增长促转型的重要引擎

【答案】ABD

27. 1924年至1927年由国共两党合作发动的大革命，在中国大地上掀起了反帝反封建的伟大斗争，在中国革命史上写下了光荣的一页。与辛亥革命相比，大革命

A. 斗争的规模更加宏伟

B. 革命的社会内涵更为深刻

C. 斗争的形式更加隐蔽

D. 群众的动员程度更为广泛

【答案】ABD

28. 社会主义改造基本完成以后，中国共产党面临如何进行社会主义建设的问题。毛泽东明确提出：“现在是社会主义革命和建设时期，我们要进行第二次结合，找出在 中国怎样建设社会主义的道路。”1956年，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人提出了一系列关于社会主义建设的重要方针，其中包括

A. 在经济建设上实行“既反保守又反冒进”的方针

B. 在对外关系上实行“一边倒”的方针

C. 在科学文化工作中实行“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的方针

D. 在党与民主党派的关系上实行“长期共存、互相监督”的方针

【答案】ACD

29. 1939年10月，毛泽东在《《共产党人》发刊词》中，把党的建设称为“伟大工程”。2022年10月，习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出，必须持之以恒推进全面从 严治党，深入推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程，以党的自我革命引领社会革命。

下列关于党的自我革命的正确表述有

A. 勇于自我革命是中国共产党区别于其他政党的显著标志

B. 自我革命精神是党永葆青春活力的强大支撑

C. 所有政党都是在不断自我革命中淬炼而成的

D. 自我革命是我们党跳出历史周期率的第二个答案

【答案】ABD

30. 中华传统美德蕴含着丰富的思想道德资源，对于我们今天的道德建设具有重要价值。习近平总书记指出：“要继承和弘扬我国人民在长期实践中培养和形成的传统美德，坚持马克思主义道德观、坚持社会主义道德观，在去粗取精、去伪存真的基础上，坚持古为今用、推陈出新，努力实现中华传统美德的创造性转化、创新性发展”。中华传统美德的“创造性转化、创新性发展”体现为

A. 对中华传统美德中具有当代价值的道德精神加以挖掘

B. 赋予中华传统美德新的时代内涵

C. 用中华传统美德滋养社会主义道德建设

D. 形成以中国传统文化为主体的道德体系

【答案】ABC

31. 《中华人民共和国爱国主义教育法》由中华人民共和国第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第六次会议于2023年10月24日通过，自2024年1月1日起实施。这是新时代加强爱国主义教育，传承弘扬爱国主义精神，实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的必然要求。下列关于爱国主义教育法表述正确的有

A、爱国主义教育法是社会主义核心价值观入法的具体体现

B、爱国主义教育法有利于维护国家统一和民族团结

C、爱国主义教育法是惩治危害国家安全、荣誉和利益行为的法律武器

D、爱国主义教育法为加强新时代爱国主义教育提供了法治保障

【答案】ABD

32. 2023年4月3日，学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育工作会议在北京召开。会议强调，这次主题教育要牢牢把握“学思想、强党性、重实践、建新功”的总要求。要全面学习领会习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，全面系统掌握这一思想的基本观点、科学体系，把握好这一思想的世界观、方法论，坚持好、运用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法，不断增加对党的创新理论的

A. 政治认同 B. 思想认同 C. 理论认同 D.情感认同

【答案】ABCD

33. 在中方支持下，2023年3月6日至10日，沙特阿拉伯与伊朗在北京举行对话。3月10日，中沙伊三方签署并发表联合声明，宣布沙伊双关同意恢复外交关系。这是党的二十大后中国外交的“大手笔”。中方推动沙伊握手言和的重要意义表现在：

A. 创造了调解冲突的新范式，为其他地区热点问题的解决提供了新思路

B. 使沙伊矛盾得以最终解决

C. 助力中东地区实现和平、稳定与安全

D. 为国际社会注入和平合作的正能量

【答案】ACD

三、材料分析题：34—38小题，每小题10分，共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料回答问题。

34. 结合材料回答问题：

为全面贯彻落实党的二十大精神，党中央决定，把大兴调查研究作为在全党开展主题教育的重要内容。习近平总书记就“深入调查研究”提出明确要求，强调既要学会调查，也要擅长研究，“在调查的基础上深化研究，提高调研成果质量，切实把调研成果转化为解决问题、改进工作的实际举措”。这为全党大兴调查研究提供了重要遵循。

调查研究要善于抓问题、求答案。调查是全面、客观、准确掌握情况的过程，并不自然产生科学观点、得出正确结论。开展调查研究，要做好真实情况和各种问题的调查，也要在调查的基础上进行深入细致的研究。调查研究要敢于发现问题、正视问题、解决问题，“直奔问题去”。调查研究的问题从哪里来?人民群众最关心的就业、教育、医疗、托育、养老、住房等现实问题，维护社会稳定、防灾减灾救灾和重大突发公共事件处置保障短板等重点难点问题，贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展等重大问题，都是调查研究的题目;工作中易忽视的细节、易梗阻的程序，都可以成为调查研究的问题切入点。习近平总书记每到基层考察调研，总会从贴近民生的细节入手，从最细微的事项问起：走进六盘山区破矮的土坯房舀起一瓢水尝尝水质，向技术人员询问机械的工作原理、购买价格、插秧效率，向出租车司机征询对年节打车难的解决办法，等等，确保“真真实实把情况摸清楚”。早年在福建省工作时，针对福建林农守着“金山银山”过穷日子的状况，习近平抓住“山要怎么分”“树要怎么砍”“钱从哪里来”“单家独户怎么办”四个难题深入调研，推出了有针对性的改革举措。只调查不研究，就提不出解决问题的有效对策;只研究不调查，决策难免成为无源之水、无本之木。只有把调查和研究很好统筹起来，调查研究才能成为获得真知灼见的源头活水，成为领导干部提高认识能力、判断能力和工作能力的基本功。

调查研究的关键在实效。衡量调查研究搞得好不好，不是看调查研究的规模有多大、 时间有多长，也不是光看调查报告写得怎么样，关键要看调查研究的实效，看调查成果的运用，看能不能把问题解决好。实践告诉我们，深入一线，“进行解剖麻雀式的调研”,发现问题，举一反三，从“解决一个问题”到“解决一类问题”,这样调查研究的系统性、预见性、创造性、实效性就会大大增强。

摘编自 《人民日报》(2023年6月8日、8月28日、9月5日)

(1)如何理解“调查是全面、客观、准确掌握情况的过程，并不自然产生科学观点、

得出正确结论”?(5分)

(2)为什么“解决一个问题”能推动“解决一类问题”?(5分)

【答案】稍后直播讲解一下!

35.结合材料回答问题：

党的十八大以来，在习近平生态文明思想科学指引下，党领导人民站在人与自然和 谐共生的高度谋划发展、推进中国式现代化，我国生态文明建设从理论到实践都发生了历史性、转折性、全局性变化，创造了举世嘱目的生态奇迹和绿色发展奇迹。

江南乡村的蝶变、塞罕坝沙地变林海、苍山洱海恢复本色、九曲黄河重现清流…… 世界见证一个个生态文明建设的中国故事。“我们的祖国天更蓝、山更绿、水更清”，党的二十大报告中的这句话道出了中国人民的切身感受。绿色循环低碳发展已成为当今时代新的经济增长点。今年上半年，在能源产业绿色转型引领下，我国光伏电池、风力发电机组等产品产量同比分别增长54.5%和48.1%。新能源汽车“扬帆出海”，与之相关的汽车用锂离子动力电池、充电桩等产品产量同比分别增长46.4%和53.1%。绿色发展跑 出“加速度”，为国民经济总体回升向好提供了有力支撑。从成功举办《生物多样性公 约》第十五次缔约方大会、《湿地公约》第十四届缔约方大会，到推动建立全球清洁能 源合作伙伴关系、启动100个减缓和适应气候变化项目，再到与数十个国家共同发起“一 带一路”绿色发展伙伴关系倡议……中国始终积极参与国际环境保护治理，开展绿色双多边合作，携手各国共建地球生命共同体，为全球可持续发展注入不竭动力。中国的生态奇迹和绿色发展奇迹引发国际社会热烈反响。中国被视为全球绿色转型的领跑者和绿色发展的表率。许多世界知名专家纷纷表示，中国企业有望成为世界能源产业的领军力量，进而对全球生态环境治理和全人类可持续发展发挥积极作用。

我国经济社会发展已进入加快绿色化、低碳化的高质量发展阶段。但是，目前我国 生态环境保护结构性、根源性、趋势性压力尚未根本缓解，必须以更高站位、更宽视野、更大力度来谋划和推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化。习近平总书记在全国生态环境保护大会上指出，“要深入贯彻新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明思想，坚持以人民为中心， 牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，把建设美丽中国摆在强国建设、民族复兴的突出位置，推动城乡人居环境明显改善、美丽中国建设取得显著成效，以高品质生态环境支撑高质量发展，加快推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化。”

摘编自 人民网(2023年7月20日、8月3日、8月11日)

(1)如何理解“以高品质生态环境支撑高质量发展，加快推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化”?(6分)

(2)从人与自然和谐共生的现代化角度，分析中国式现代化道路的世界意义。(4分)

36.结合材料回答问题：

材料 1

1919年1月，陈独秀在回应当时社会上对《新青年》的攻击时写道：

“本志同人本来无罪，只因为拥护那德莫克拉西(Democracy) 和赛因斯(Science)两位先生，才犯了这几条滔天的大罪。要拥护那德朱生，便不得不反对孔教，礼法，贞节，旧伦理，旧政治;要拥护那赛先生，便不得不反对旧艺术，旧宗教;要拥护德先生又要拥护赛先生，便不得不反对国粹和旧文学”。

“西洋人因为拥护德赛两先生，闹了多少事，流了多少血，德赛两先生才渐渐从黑暗中把他们救出，引到光明世界。我们现在认定只有这两位先生，可以救治中国政治上道德上学术上思想上一切的黑暗。”

摘自 《复兴文库》第1编第7卷第3册

材料2

1940年1月9日，毛泽东在陕甘宁边区文化协会第一次代表大会上的讲演中指出：

“我们共产党人，多年以来，不但为中国的政治革命和经济革命而奋斗，而且为中国的文化革命而奋斗;一切这些的目的，在于建设一个中华民族的新社会和新国家。在 这个新社会和新国家中，不但有新政治、新经济，而且有新文化。这就是说，我们不但要把一个政治上受压迫、经济上受剥削的中国，变为一个政治上自由和经济上繁荣的中国，而且要把一个被旧文化统治因而愚昧落后的中国，变为一个被新文化统治因而文明先进的中国。一句话，我们要建立一个新中国。建立中华民族的新文化，这就是我们在文化领域中的目的。”

“一切外国的东西，如同我们对于食物一样，必须经过自己的口腔咀嚼和胃肠运动，送进唾液胃液肠液，把它分解为精华和糟粕两部分，然后排泄其糟粕，吸收其精华，才能对我们的身体有益，决不能生吞活剥地毫无批判地吸收。所谓‘全盘西化’的主张，乃是一种错误的观点。形式主义地吸收外国的东西，在中国过去是吃过大亏的。中国共产主义者对于马克思主义在中国的应用也是这样，必须将马克思主义的普遍真理和中国革命的具体实践完全地恰当地统一起来，就是说，和民族的特点相结合，经过一定的民族形式，才有用处，决不能主观地公式地应用它……中国文化应有自己的形式，这就是民族形式。民族的形式，新民主主义的内容——这就是我们今天的新文化。” 摘自 《毛泽东选集》第2卷

材料3

2023年6月2日，习近平总书记在文化传承发展座谈会上的讲话中指出：

“开放包容始终是文明发展的活力来源，也是文化自信的显著标志。中华文明的博大气象，就得益于中华文化自古以来开放的姿态、包容的胸怀。乘持开放包容，就是要更加积极主动地学习借鉴人类创造的一切优秀文明成果。无论是对内提升先进文化的凝 聚力感召力，还是对外增强中华文明的传播力影响力，都离不开融通中外、贯通古今。经过长期努力，我们比以往任何一个时代都更有条件破解‘古今中西之争’,也比以往任何一个时代都更迫切需要一批熔铸古今、汇通中西的文化成果。我们必须坚持马克思 主义中国化时代化，传承发展中华优秀传统文化，促进外来文化本土化，不断培育和创造新时代中国特色社会主义文化。”

“对历史最好的继承就是创造新的历史，对人类文明最大的礼敬就是创造人类文明新形态。希望大家担当使命、奋发有为，共同努力创造属于我们这个时代的新文化，建设中华民族现代文明!”

摘自 《求是》2023年第17期

(1)结合新文化运动以来的历史，分析中国共产党对中国文化发展方向的探索及其意义。(6分)

(2)为什么说“我们比以往任何一个时代都更有条件破解‘古今中西之争’”?(4分)

【答案】

中华文明的博大气象，得益于中华文化自古以来开放的姿态、包容的胸怀。在新的历史起点上更好担负起新的文化使命，就要秉持开放包容，更加积极主动学习借鉴人类创造的一切优秀文明成果。

铸就中华文化新辉煌，就要秉持开放包容的态度，在取长补短、择善而从、兼收并蓄中丰富和发展中华文化。当然，对外学习、汲取养分，绝不是全盘接受、照抄照搬。无论是对内提升先进文化的凝聚力感召力，还是对外增强中华文明的传播力影响力，都离不开融通中外、贯通古今。经过长期努力，我们比以往任何一个时代都更有条件破解“古今中西之争”，也比以往任何一个时代都更迫切需要一批熔铸古今、汇通中西的文化成果。这一重要论述，指明了在新的历史起点上继续推动文化繁荣、建设文化强国、建设中华民族现代文明的路线图和方法论：在破解“古今中西之争”，熔铸古今、汇通中西的思想进程中，铸就中华文化新辉煌。要实现这一目标，必须不忘本来、吸收外来、面向未来，推进马克思主义中国化时代化，传承发展中华优秀传统文化，促进外来文化本土化，不断培育和创造新时代中国特色社会主义文化。

37.结合材料回答问题：

材 料 1

2023年5月1日，习近平总书记给中国农业大学科技小院的学生回信强调：“你们在信中说，走进乡土中国深处，才深刻理解什么是实事求是、怎么去联系群众，青年人 就要‘自找苦吃’,说得很好。新时代中国青年就应该有这股精气神。”习近平总书记的 回信，既是对新时代中国青年“自找苦吃”精神的充分肯定，也是对他们的般切期望。

摘编自 《光明日报》(2023年5月10日)

材 料 2

河南省林县位于太行山东麓，历史上属于严重干早地区.史料记载，林县山多水少，土薄石厚，凿井无泉，致远汲深，居民悬釜待炊，于是有取水十余里外者，老弱妇女抱瓮蹀踱，人高疲极。林县人民祖祖辈辈想水、盼水，始终怀有一个水的梦想。新中国成 立后，党和政府十分关心林县的缺水问题。1960年，“引漳入林”工程启动，林县人民 历经十年，修建出被誉为“人造天河”的红旗渠，在太行山崇山峻岭中创造了奇迹。被 称为红旗渠咽喉工程的青年洞，由300名青年组成突击队，经过1年5个月的奋战，用 蚂蚁啃骨头的精神，将红旗渠最艰难的部分延伸了616米。青年突击队员以不怕苦、不 畏难、不惧牺牲的忘我投入，把红旗渠精神书写在万仞壁立的太行山上。2022年11月， 习近平总书记考察红旗渠时指出，“年轻一代要继承和发扬吃苦耐劳、自力更生、艰苦奋斗的精神，摒弃骄娇二气，像我们的父辈一样把青春热血镌刻在历史的丰碑上。”

摘编自 《人民日报》(2022年11月13日)

材料3

随着时代的变化，“吃苦”的内在要求和外在形式也在不断变化。今天，我们已经 实现全面小康，“苦”已经不是缺衣少食的物质之苦、更多体现在为解决“卡脖子”技 术的攻坚克难，在抢险教灾前线的冲锋陷阵，在乡村振兴主战场的摸爬滚打，在保卫祖 国边疆的无畏无惧……习近平总书记指出：“青年时代，选择吃苦也就选择了收获，选 择奉献也就选择了高尚。”建功重大工程，青年建设者不畏艰险、失志创新，“青年突击 队”“青年攻坚组”的旗帜高高飘扬;面对重大疫情。32万余支青年突击队、550余万 名青年拼搏在医疗教护、交通物流、项目建设等抗疫一线;奋战脱贫攻坚，千千万万青 年扶贫干部深入农村，在岗位上呕心沥血，与乡亲们同甘共苦……新时代中国青年用实 际行动、彰显出肯吃苦、战胜苦的锐气与担当。青春因磨砺而精彩。越是美好的梦想， 越需要发扬“自找苦吃”的精神。在最能吃苦的年纪不忘“自找苦吃”,新时代青年定能在“自找苦吃”的过程中收获成功。

摘编自 《光明日报》(2023年7月6日、7月14日)

(1)从实现理想的角度，说明“越是美好的梦想，越需要发扬‘自找苦吃’的精神”。(6分)

(2)从创造有意义人生的角度，分析新时代青年如何在“自找苦吃”中“收获成功”。(4分)

38. 结合材料回答问题：

推动共建“一带→路”,既有基础设施的“硬联通”、规则标准的“软联通”,也有 共建国家人民的“心联通”。一批经济社会效益好的“小而美”项目，成为对外合作的 优先事项，拉近了共建“一带一路”国家民众心与心的距离，为他们带来了实实在在的 获得感、幸福感。

“有了水，我们的生活更好了”

天刚蒙蒙亮，安哥拉库内内省东本杜拉镇村民佩德罗就赶着自家的15头牛和40只 羊，向离家200米外的饮水点走去。库内内省位于安哥拉南部，全年气候干燥，降水稀 少，民众曾饱受干早之苦。2022年4月，由中国企业承建的库内内省抗旱项目一期工程 竣工，解决了项目沿线25万人、40万头牛羊的饮水问题。“有了水，我们的生活更好了，明年我准备再多养20头牛!”说起未来的生活，佩德罗心中充满希望。安哥拉时任副总 统博尔尼托在考察项目时谈到，“抗旱项目建成以来，民众的生活幸福多了。”第76届 联合国大会主席阿卜杜拉·沙希德在参观该项目时表示，希望把这一合作模式向世界其 他缺水国家和地区推广。

佩列沙茨大桥，“我们心中最美的大桥!”

佩列沙茨大桥于2022年7月26日正式通车，是一座长2440米、宽22.5米的公路 斜拉桥。大桥横跨小斯通湾，把隔海相望的克罗地亚领土连接起来。此前，克罗地亚南 北往来车辆需要绕行邻国波黑，经过两次边境检查才能抵达。大桥建成通车极大便利了 当地民众出行，也为旅游、物流等行业发展带来新机遇，居民工作生活也因此发生了可 喜的变化。在刚刚过去的夏天，小斯通湾南岸佩列沙茨半岛的伍斯特里亚酒店前台经理 福尔吉娜忙得不亦乐乎。她说，此前因为交通不便，酒店月均入住率不足50%,“大桥建成通车后，各地游客络绎不绝，旺季几乎天天客满。”克罗地亚总理表示，“大桥通车 实现了几代人的梦想。”“克方愿分享中国发展机遇，支持共建‘一带一路’,进一步造福两国和两国人民。”

中国北斗，守护萨雷兹湖一方安澜!

位于塔吉克斯坦东部的萨雷兹湖，是目前世界上海拔最高的天然堰塞湖。因为所在 地区地震频繁， 一旦发生地震，萨雷兹湖大坝有崩溃决堤的风险，可能殃及塔吉克斯坦 及周边国家几百万人口并破坏中亚地区生态环境。2021年10月8日，从美丽的萨雷兹 湖传出了中国北斗的监测信号，中国与塔吉克斯坦联合建成的萨雷兹湖大坝北斗变形监 测系统投入运行，运用北斗高精度服务对大坝开展变形实时监测，为保障大坝安全和下 游地区人民生活安宁作出了巨大贡献。2022年4月，升级建设工作启动，通过升级，不 仅保障该系统长期无人值守的稳定运行，同时为开展基于北斗遥感技术的萨雷兹湖生态 环境监测提供数据支撑。这项成果是中塔共建“数字丝绸之路”的样板，是北斗系统高 质量服务全球、造福人类的成功案例。为服务“一带一路”国家建设与发展，推动构建人类命运共同体提供北斗智慧。

“一带一路”源自中国，成果和机遇属于世界。一批批标志性项目开花结果，托举 起发展繁荣的梦想;一项项民生工程落地生根，搭建起沟通心灵的桥梁;一座座合作丰 碑悄然树立，凝聚起同心同行的力量。推动共建“一带一路”国际合作取得了丰硕成果， 得到了国际社会的积极评价和广泛认同。联合国助理秘书长纳维德·哈尼夫认为，共建“一带一路”倡议实施10年来，各方面所积累的经验和取得的成果，都值得与其他国家分享，让国际社会更好地理解共建“一带一路”倡议。

摘编自《人民日报》(2023年7月24日、10月13日、10月30日)

(1)共建“一带一路”,为什么既能实现路和桥等基础设施的“硬联通”、规则标准的“软联通”,也能架起世界各国人民“心联通”的桥梁?(6分)

(2)“让国际社会更好地理解共建‘一带一路’倡议”对于我们讲好中国故事、提升国际传播能力有何启示?(4分)

转自：老蒋政治蒋中挺

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET. (10 points)

There’s nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.

Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They 5 as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.

9 making access both in and out buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same. Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal. Sensor-types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in. 18, a busy road might not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area. 1. A. Through B. Despite C. Besides D. Without

2. A. revealing B. demanding C. improving D. tracing

3. A. experience B. convenience C. guidance D. reference

4. A. previously B. temporarily C. successively D. eventually

5. A. held on B. started out C. settled down D. went by

6. A. relations B. volumes C. benefits D. sources

7. A. useful B. simple C. flexible D. stable

8. A. call for B. yield to C. insist on D. act as

9. A. As well as B. In terms of C. Thanks to D. Rather than

10. A. connected B. shared C. represented D. occupied

11. A. allow B. expect C. require D. direct

12. A. adopt B. lead C. clear D. change

13. A. adapting to B. deriving from C. relying on D. pointing at

14. A. Once B. Since C. Unless D. Although

15. A. records B. positions C. principles D. reasons

16. A. controls B. analyses C. produces D. mixes

17. A. decorate B. compare C. protect D. complement

18. A. In conclusion B. By contrast C. For example D. Above all

19. A. identify B. suit C. secure D. include

20. A. appropriate B. obvious C. impressive D. delicate

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.

21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of ________.

A. saving them for future use

B. keeping them from rusting

D. hiding them from the locals

C. letting them grow in value

22. The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to ________.

A. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists

B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period

C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails

D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time

23. What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?

A. Increased productivity.

B. Wider use of new energies.

C. Fiercer market competition.

D. Reduced cost of raw materials.

24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails ________.

A. have undergone many technological improvements

B. have remained basically the same since Roman times

C. are less studied than other everyday products

D. are one of the world’s most significant inventions

25. Which of the following best summaries the last two paragraphs?

A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.

B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.

C. Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.

D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.

Text 2

Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.

Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”

26. According to the first two paragraph, alloparenting refers to the practice of _________.

A. sharing child care among community members

B. assigning babies to specific adult caregivers

C. teaching parenting details to older children

D. carrying infants around by their parent

27. The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate _________.

A. an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication

B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture

C. the conventional parenting style in western culture

D. the differences between western African ways of living

28. According to Paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative” _________.

A. alleviate parenting pressure

B. considerate family relationships

C. results in the child-centered family

D. departs from the course of evolution

29. According to paragraph 6, what can we learn about nursery in the UK?

A. They tend to fall short of official requirements.

B. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.

C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.

D. They should try to prevent parental depression.

30. Which of the following would be the best title?

A. Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents.

B. For a happier family, learn from the hunter-gatherers.

C. Mix-aged playgroup, a better choice for lonely children.

D. Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe.

Text 3

Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.“It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.

31. What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?

A. He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.

B. He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.

C. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.

D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.

32. The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they _________.

A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts

B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles

C. make unauthorized use of online images

D. collect user information without consent

33. After searching online, Rutkowski found _________.

A. a unique way to reach audiences

B. a new method to identify AI images

C. AI-generated work bearing his name

D. heated disputes regarding his copyright

34. According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to _________.

A. campaign for new policies or regulations

B. offer their services to public institutions

C. strengthen their relationships with AI users

D. adopt a different strategy for AI model training

35. What is the text mainly about?

A. Artists’ responses to Al art generation.

B. AI’s expanded role in artistic creation.

C. Privacy issues in the application of Al.

D. Opposing views on AI development.

Text 4

The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month, when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,” as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.

In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that’s a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely.

It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it’s reminder that they EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can’t offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model. It’s been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.

36. The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as _________.

A. a valuable natural environment

B. a controversial conservation area

C. a place with commercial potential

D. a headache for nearby communities

37. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Idaho case _________.

A. reinforces water pollution control

B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power

C. will end conflicts among local residents

D. may face opposition from mining operators

38. How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?

A. Worried.

B. Puzzled.

C. Relieved.

D. Encouraged.

39. What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?

A. It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.

B. It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.

C. It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.

D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.

40. The author holds that the state lawmakers should _________.

A. be cautious about the influence of landowners

B. attach due importance to wetlands protections

C. recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges

D. improve the wellbeing of endangered species

Part B

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

(41) HannahSimply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43) SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples’ cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44) VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries.But look at what happened to Boston’s Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt, Vermeer, Manet, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe nowhere. And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45) JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about Artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their Countries of origin, I would ask you to consider why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a day’s drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens aren’t? What Intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin?If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about Why you’re assuming that to be true.A. It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.B. It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.C. Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returned.D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.G. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

“Elephants never forget” — or so they say — and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. (46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity”, when finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole. (47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants — and probably other herbivores — to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Suppose you receive an email from your friend, and write him a reply.

Write your letter in no less than 100 words.

Don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture and the chart below. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture and the chart briefly,

2) interpret the implied meaning, and

3) give your comments.

参考答案Section I Use of English

1. D. Without

2. C. improving

3. B. convenience

4. A. previously

5. B. started out

6. C. benefits

7. A. useful

8. D. act as

9. A. As well as

10. D. occupied

11. A. allow

12. C. clear

13. C. relying on

14. D. Although

15. C. principles

16. B. analyses

17. D. complement

18. C. For example

19. B. suit

20. A. appropriate

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21. D. hiding them from local

22. D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time

23. A. Increased productivity

24. B. have remained basically the same since Roman times

25. A. cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change

Text 2

26. A. sharing child care among community members

27. B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture

28. D. departs from the course of evolution

29. C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.

30. B. For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers

Text 3

31. B. He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.

32. C. make unauthortized use of online images

33. C. AI-generated work bearing his name

34. C. strengthen their relationships with Al users

35. A. Artists’ responses to Al art generation.

Text 4

36. A. a valuable natural environment

37. B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power

38. A. worried

39. D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.

40. B. attach due importance to wetlands protections

Part B

(41) Hannah

E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of arranging rather than anywhere else.

(42) Buck

D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.

(43) Sara

F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.

(44) Victor

G. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return the artifacts of other countries.

(45) Julia

B. It’s a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of a ranging.

Part C

参考译文：46. 非洲象们有时会跋涉超过60英里去寻找食物或者水，并且非常善于找出其它大象的位置——即使其他大象不在视野范围内(也可以找到它们)。

47. 研究人员确信，大象总是准确地知道它们所需要的所有相关资源的位置。因此，除了沿着熟悉的路线前进之外，它们还能走捷径(去获取资源)。

48. 一种可能性是，它们仅仅使用眼睛来检测发现的植物，但这可能会浪费大量的时间和精力，尤其因为它们的视力实际上并不是很好。

49. 植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以被携带到很远的距离之外，而且它们很有特点：每一种植物或树木都有自己独特的气味特征。

50. 试验表明，大象可以很好地利用嗅觉来识别适合食用的树木片区，接着再(利用嗅觉)评估每个片区内(可食用)树木的品质。

Section IV Writing

Part A

参考范文：略

Part B

参考范文：略

考研政治书每年变化大不大

考研政治书每年变化不大，政治考研大纲每年都会有变化的，因为每年的政策都在发生着变化。由于考研政治大纲一般在每年的9月中旬发布，可能会影响到一部分考生复习，虽然考研政治大纲每年都有变化，但是变化的知识点仍是比较有限的，尤其是基础知识是不会变的。

大家要保持原有复习节奏。熟悉题型，把握重难点，紧密联系前后知识点，构建知识框架，提高自己的综合解题能力，将教材、习题看透、做透。考研政治新大纲发布之后，查漏补缺，重点掌握。，跟着老师认真走完才是最明智的选择。

考研政治的备考策略有哪些

1、明确考试要求

考研政治主要考查考生对政治各学科的基本概念、基本原理的再认和再现相关知识点的能力，理解基本原理、基本概念及运用基本原理分析问题和解决问题的能力。所以，在后续学习时，考生应注重培养自己的记忆能力、理解能力和运用能力，体现在试卷中就是要培养自己解题的应试能力。

2、明确考试内容

考研政治试题分为单项选择题、多项选择题、分析题3类题型，共计100分。试题内容分五个学科分别考查，由于各学科特点不同，所以学习方法也需要有针对性。

比如，马原的基本概念和基本原理比较抽象，不容易理解，考生需要通过借助生活中的各种例子来理解会更好。所以，要想对考研政治这门学科有一个清晰的把握，首先要做到政治考什么内容，开始打基础，为后续的解题做好准备。

3、梳理知识体系

考生需要了解考研政治包括的五个学科的学科体系，理清楚各自的逻辑框架。具体每个模块包括什么内容，这些都是需要考生把握的基本常识，以方便后期考生在做题时能第 一时间对准背后的考点，从而准确和高效地答题。

4、制定学习计划并落实到位

虽然距离今年考试还有很多时间，但是考研政治真正的备考是非常有限的，所以要管理分配好自己的时间，做好日计划、周计划，每天合理制定、调整、落实计划，至少保证学习政治1-3小时，培养良好的作息和学习习惯，按照计划一步一个脚印，才能打牢基础。